Publications

Publications

Key CKD-EPI publications
GFR estimating equations
  1. Inker LA, Coresh J, Sang Y, et al. "Correction: Filtration Markers as Predictors of ESRD and Mortality: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2025 Mar 1;20(3):465. Epub 2025 Feb 5. Erratum for: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Jan 6;12(1):69-78. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03660316. PMID: 39804703
  2. Fino NF, Inker LA, Greene T, et al. "Panel estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Statistical considerations for maximizing accuracy in diverse clinical populations". PLoS One. 2024 Dec 2;19(12):e0313154. PMID: 39621675
  3. Agarwal KA, Adingwupu OM, Tighiouart H, et al. "Estimating glomerular filtration rate in kidney transplant recipients: considerations for selecting equations". Kidney Int. 2024 Nov;106(5):991-995. Epub 2024 Sep 12. PMID: 39260523
  4. Shin JI, Ballew S, Bosi A, et al. "eGFR calculated from cystatin C: implications for dosing of direct oral anticoagulants". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024 Nov 27;39(12):2117-2119. PMID: 39030050
  5. Costa E Silva VT, Gil LA Jr, Inker LA, et al. "Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation Using β2-Microglobulin and β-Trace Protein in Adults With Solid Tumors: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study". Am J Kidney Dis. 2024 Sep;84(3):339-348.e1. Epub 2024 Mar 26. PMID: 38537905.
  6. Butrovich MA, Reaves AC, Heyward J, et al. "Underrepresentation of black individuals in pivotal trials for novel anticancer drugs: Potential consequence of using estimated creatinine clearance to assess kidney function"? Contemp Clin Trials. 2024 Sep;144:107631. Epub 2024 Jul 15. PMID: 39019154.
  7. Hwang J, Kim K, Coresh J, et al. "Estimated GFR in the Korean and US Asian Populations Using the 2021 Creatinine-Based GFR Estimating Equation Without Race". Kidney Med. 2024 Aug 14;6(10):100890. PMID: 39319209
  8. Li T, Grams ME, Inker LA, et al. "Consistency of metabolite associations with measured glomerular filtration rate in children and adults". Clin Kidney J. 2024 Apr 24;17(6):sfae108. PMID: 38859934
  9. Fu EL, Carrero JJ, Sang Y, et al. "Association of Low Glomerular Filtration Rate With Adverse Outcomes at Older Age in a Large Population With Routinely Measured Cystatin C". Ann Intern Med. 2024 Mar;177(3):269-279. Epub 2024 Jan 30. PMID: 38285982
  10. Adingwupu OM, Tighiouart H, Inker LA, Levey AS. Contribution of B2M and BTP to performance of race-free CKD-EPI equations: Comparison of performance of CKD-EPI 2020 B2M and BTP equations to 2021 creatinine and creatinine-cystatin C equations. CKD-EPI Technical Report. June 2023.
  11. Eneanya, ND, Adingwupu OM, Kostelanetz S, et al. Social Determinants of Health and Their Impact on the Black Race Coefficient in Serum Creatinine–Based Estimation of GFR: Secondary Analysis of MDRD and CRIC Studies. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 18(4):p 446-454, April 2023
  12. Costa E Silva VT, Gil LA Jr, Inker LA, et al. A prospective cross-sectional study estimated glomerular filtration rate from creatinine and cystatin C in adults with solid tumors. Kidney Int. 2022;101(3):607-614. PMID: 35032521
  13. Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(19):1737-1749. PMID: 34554658
  14. Delgado C, Baweja M, Crews DC, et al. A Unifying Approach for GFR Estimation: Recommendations of the NKF-ASN Task Force on Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(2):268-288.e1. PMID: 34563581
  15. Delgado C, Baweja M, Burrows NR, et al. Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases: An Interim Report from the NKF-ASN Task Force. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(6):1305-1317. PMID: 33837122.
  16. Miller WG, Kaufman HW, Levey AS, et al, "National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Working Group Recommendations for Implementing the CKD-EPI 2021 Race-Free Equations for Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate: Practical Guidance for Clinical Laboratories", Clinical Chemistry, 2021; hvab278. PMID: 34918062
  17. Diao JA, Inker LA, Levey AS, Tighiouart H, et al.  "In search of a better equation—performance and equity in estimates of kidney function." The New England journal of medicine. 2021 Feb 4;384(5):396. PMID: 33406354
  18. Wang Y, Levey AS, Inker LA, et al. Performance and Determinants of Serum Creatinine and Cystatin C-Based GFR Estimating Equations in South Asians. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):962-975. PMID: 33912746
  19. Inker LA, et al CKD-EPI GFR Collaborators. "A New Panel-Estimated GFR, Including β2-Microglobulin and β-Trace Protein and Not Including Race, Developed in a Diverse Population." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 77.5 (2021): 673-683.
  20. Levey AS, et al. "Measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate: current status and future directions." Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Jan;16(1):51-64.
  21. Titan, S, et al. "Performance of indexed and nonindexed estimated GFR." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 76.3 (2020): 446-449.
  22. Chang, AR, et al. "Performance of glomerular filtration rate estimating equations before and after bariatric surgery." Kidney Medicine 2.6 (2020): 699-706.
  23. Levey, AS, et al "Estimation of glomerular filtration rate with and without race" JAMA Internal Medicine (2020)180(5):793-795
  24. Levey, AS., et al. "Kidney disease, race, and GFR estimation." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2020).
  25. Fan, L, et al. "Estimating total small solute clearance in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis without urine and dialysate collection." Peritoneal Dialysis International 40.1 (2020): 84-92. PMID: 32063147
  26. Coresh, J, et al. "Metabolomic profiling to improve glomerular filtration rate estimation: a proof-of-concept study." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 34.5 (2019): 825-833. PMID: 29718360.
  27. Steubl, D, et al. "Development and Validation of Residual Kidney Function Estimating Equations in Dialysis Patients." Kidney Medicine 1.3 (2019): 104-114.
  28. Freed, TA., et al. "Validation of a metabolite panel for a more accurate estimation of glomerular filtration rate using quantitative LC-MS/MS." Clinical chemistry 65.3 (2019): 406-418. PMID: 30647123
  29. Shafi, T, and Levey, AS. "Measurement and estimation of residual kidney function in patients on dialysis." Advances in chronic kidney disease 25.1 (2018): 93-104. PMID: 29499893.
  30. Inker LA, Levey AS, and Coresh J. "Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate from a Panel of Filtration Markers- Hope for Increased Accuracy Beyond Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate?" Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 25, no. 1 (2018): 67-75.
  31. Wang, E, et al. "Imprecise Kidney Function Thresholds in Cancer Clinical Trials and the Potential for Harm." JNCI cancer spectrum 2.4 (2018): pky060. PMID:31360878
  32. Beumer, JH., Inker, LA, and Levey, AS. "Improving carboplatin dosing based on estimated GFR." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 71.2 (2018): 163-165. PMID: 29217306
  33. Levey, AS., and Inker, LA. "Assessment of glomerular filtration rate in health and disease: a state of the art review." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102.3 (2017): 405-419. PMID: 28474735
  34. Levey, AS., and Inker, LA. "GFR evaluation in living kidney donor candidates." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 28.4 (2017): 1062-1071. PMID: 28298325
  35. Foster, MC, et al. "Non-GFR determinants of low-molecular-weight serum protein filtration markers in the elderly: AGES-Kidney and MESA-Kidney." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 70.3 (2017): 406-414. PMID:28549536
  36. Inker, LA., et al. "Filtration markers as predictors of ESRD and mortality: individual participant data meta-analysis." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12.1 (2017): 69-78. PMID: 28062677
  37. Rebholz, CM., et al. "Risk of ESRD and mortality associated with change in filtration markers." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 70.4 (2017): 551-560.PMID: 28648303
  38. Shafi, Tariq, et al. "Estimating residual kidney function in dialysis patients without urine collection." Kidney international 89.5 (2016): 1099-1110.
  39. Sekula, P, et al. "A metabolome-wide association study of kidney function and disease in the general population." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 27.4 (2016): 1175-1188. PMID: 26449609
  40. Huang N, et al. "Estimated GFR for living kidney donor evaluation." American Journal of Transplantation 16.1 (2016): 171-180. PMID: 26594819
  41. Liu, X, et al. "Non-GFR determinants of low-molecular-weight serum protein filtration markers in CKD." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 68.6 (2016): 892-900. PMID: 27663042
  42. Inker, LA., et al. "GFR estimation using β-trace protein and β2-microglobulin in CKD." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 67.1 (2016): 40-48. PMID: 26362696
  43. Fan, L, et al. "Comparing GFR estimating equations using cystatin C and creatinine in elderly individuals." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 26.8 (2015): 1982-1989.PMID: 25527647
  44. Eckfeldt, JH, et al. "Performance in measurement of serum cystatin C by laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists 2014 CYS survey." Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 139.7 (2015): 888-893. PMID: 25884370
  45. Levey AS, Inker LA, and Coresh J. "GFR estimation: from physiology to public health." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 63.5 (2014): 820-834.
  46. Shaffi, K, et al. "Performance of creatinine-based GFR estimating equations in solid-organ transplant recipients." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 63.6 (2014): 1007-1018. PMID: 24703720
  47. Fan, Li, et al. "Glomerular filtration rate estimation using cystatin C alone or combined with creatinine as a confirmatory test." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 29.6 (2014): 1195-1203. PMID: 24449101
  48. Okparavero, AA., et al. "Use of glomerular filtration rate estimating equations for drug dosing in HIV-positive patients." Antiviral therapy 18.6 (2013): 793. PMID: 23963249
  49. Selvin, E, et al. "Calibration of cystatin C in the national health and nutrition examination surveys (NHANES)." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 61.2 (2013): 353-354.PMID: 23177702
  50. Juraschek, SP., et al. "The effects of freeze–thaw on β-trace protein and β2-microglobulin assays after long-term sample storage." Clinical biochemistry 45.9 (2012): 694-696. PMID: 22425605
  51. Inker, LA., et al. "Performance of creatinine and cystatin C GFR estimating equations in an HIV-positive population on antiretrovirals." Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 61.3 (2012): 302. PMID: 22842844
  52. Padala, S, et al. "Accuracy of a GFR estimating equation over time in people with a wide range of kidney function." American journal of kidney diseases 60.2 (2012): 217-224.PMID: 22495467
  53. Inker, LA., et al. "Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C." New England Journal of Medicine 367.1 (2012): 20-29. PMID: 22762315
  54. Inker, LA., and Okparavero, A. "Cystatin C as a marker of glomerular filtration rate: prospects and limitations." Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 20.6 (2011): 631-639. PMID: 21926620.
  55. Inker, LA., et al. "Expressing the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) cystatin C equations for estimating GFR with standardized serum cystatin C values." American journal of kidney diseases 58.4 (2011): 682-684. PMID: 21855190
  56. Tangri, N, et al. "Changes in dietary protein intake has no effect on serum cystatin C levels independent of the glomerular filtration rate." Kidney international 79.4 (2011): 471-477. PMID: 20980977
  57. Stevens, LA, et al. "Evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimating the glomerular filtration rate in multiple ethnicities." Kidney international 79.5 (2011): 555-562.PMID: 21107446
  58. Ix, JH, et al. "Equations to estimate creatinine excretion rate: the CKD epidemiology collaboration." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6.1 (2011): 184-191.PMID: 20966119
  59. Levey, AS, and Kramer H. "Obesity, glomerular hyperfiltration, and the surface area correction." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 56.2 (2010): 255-258.
  60. Levey, AS., and Stevens, AS. "Estimating GFR using the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation: more accurate GFR estimates, lower CKD prevalence estimates, and better risk predictions." American journal of kidney diseases. 55.4 (2010): 622.PMID: 20338463
  61. Stevens, LA, et al. "Comparative performance of the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equations for estimating GFR levels above 60 mL/min/1.73 m2." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 56.3 (2010): 486-495.PMID: 20557989
  62. Stevens, LA, et al. "Development and validation of GFR-estimating equations using diabetes, transplant and weight." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 25.2 (2010): 449-457.PMID: 19793928
  63. Levey, AS, et al. "A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate." Annals of internal medicine 150.9 (2009): 604-612. PMID: 19414839
  64. Stevens, LA, et al. "Comparison of drug dosing recommendations based on measured GFR and kidney function estimating equations." American journal of kidney diseases 54.1 (2009): 33-42.PMID: 19446939
  65. Stevens, LA., and Levey, AS. "Use of the MDRD study equation to estimate kidney function for drug dosing." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 86.5 (2009): 465-467.PMID: 19844220
  66. Stevens, LA., et al. "Factors other than glomerular filtration rate affect serum cystatin C levels." Kidney international 75.6 (2009): 652-660. PMID: 19119287
  67. Stevens, LA., et al. "Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD." American journal of kidney diseases 51.3 (2008): 395-406. PMID: 18295055
  68. Jones, CY, et al. "Cystatin C and creatinine in an HIV cohort: the nutrition for healthy living study." American journal of kidney diseases 51.6 (2008): 914-924. PMID: 18455851
  69. Köttgen, A, et al. "Serum cystatin C in the united states: The third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 51.3 (2008): 385-394. PMID: 18295054.
  70. Coresh, J, and Auguste, P. "Reliability of GFR formulas based on serum creatinine, with special reference to the MDRD Study equation." Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 68.sup241 (2008): 30-38. PMID: 18569962
  71. Stevens, LA., and Stoycheff, N. "Standardization of serum creatinine and estimated GFR in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)." American journal of kidney diseases 51.4 (2008): S77-S82. PMID: 18359411.
  72. Stevens, LA., et al. "Impact of creatinine calibration on performance of GFR estimating equations in a pooled individual patient database." American journal of kidney diseases 50.1 (2007): 21-35. PMID: 17591522.
  73. Stevens, LA, et al. "Evaluation of the modification of diet in renal disease study equation in a large diverse population." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 18.10 (2007): 2749-2757.PMID: 17855641
  74. Selvin, E, et al. "Calibration of serum creatinine in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1988-1994, 1999-2004." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 50.6 (2007): 918-926. PMID: 18037092.
  75. Levey AS, et al. "Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creatinine values" ClinChem 53 (2007): 766-772. PMID: 17332152.
  76. Levey, AS, et al. "Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate." Annals of internal medicine 145.4 (2006): 247-254. PMID: 16908915.
  77. Madero, M, Sarnak, MJ and Stevens, LA. "Serum cystatin C as a marker of glomerular filtration rate." Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 15.6 (2006): 610-616. PMID: 17053476.
  78. Stevens LA, et al. "Assessing kidney function – measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate." New England Journal of Medicine 354, no. 23 (2006): 2473-83.
  79. Stevens, LA., and Levey, AS. "Chronic kidney disease in the elderly—how to assess risk." New England Journal of Medicine (2005): 2122-2124.  PMID: 15901867
  80. Murthy, K, et al. "Variation in the serum creatinine assay calibration: a practical application to glomerular filtration rate estimation." Kidney international 68.4 (2005): 1884-1887. PMID: 16164667.
Surrogate endpoints
  1. Inker LA, et al. "Decline in glomerular filtration rate as an endpoint in heart failure clinical trials: challenges and solutions" Eur Heart J. 2025 Sep 4:ehaf591. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf591. Online ahead of print.
  2. Greene T et al. "The Clinical Implications of GFR Slope in Clinical Trials of Chronic Kidney Disease". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2025 May 1;20(5):632-641. doi: 10.2215/CJN.0000000662. Epub 2025 Apr 15.
  3. Heerspink HJL, et al. "A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials for implications of acute treatment effects on glomerular filtration rate for long-term kidney protection". Kidney Int. 2024 Oct;106(4):688-698. Epub 2024 Jun 18. PMID: 38901604.
  4. Ku E, et al. "Association between Acute Declines in eGFR during Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition and Risk of Adverse Outcomes". J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024 Oct 1;35(10):1402-1411. Epub 2024 Jun 18. PMID: 38889197
  5. Ku E, et al. "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease : A Systematic Review and Retrospective Individual Participant-Level Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials". Ann Intern Med. 2024 Jul;177(7):953-963. Epub 2024 Jul 2. PMID: 38950402.
  6. Collier W, et al. "Comparing Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression methods and evaluating the influence of priors for evaluations of surrogate endpoints on heterogeneous collections of clinical trials". BMC Med Res Methodol. 2024 Feb 16;24(1):39. PMID: 38365599; PMCID
  7. Heerspink HJL, et al. "Change in albuminuria and GFR slope as joint surrogate endpoints for kidney failure – Implications for phase 2 clinical trials in chronic kidney disease".   J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023 Jun 1;34(6):955-968.
  8. Vonesh EF, "Technical report summarizing Mixed-Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) modeling strategies used to estimate and compare the rate of decline in eGFR as an end point for CKD clinical trials ". CKD-EPI Technical Report 2023
  9. Collier[JVC1]  W, et al. "Handling missing within-study correlations in the evaluation of surrogate endpoints". Statistics in Medicine. 2023;1-25. doi: 10.1002/sim.9886
  10. Inker[JVC2]  LA, et al. "The collaborative nephrology community: Perspectives and experience on data sharing". J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023 Sep 21. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000000000223. Epub ahead of print.
  11. Chaudhari[JVC3]  J, et al. "Impact of Using the Race-Free 2021 CKD-EPI Creatinine Equation on Treatment Effects on GFR-Based End Points in Clinical Trials". Am J Kidney Dis. 2023 Aug 30:S0272-6386(23)00780-1. Epub ahead of print.
  12. Inker[JVC4]  LA, et al. "A meta-analysis of GFR slope as a surrogate endpoint for kidney failure". Nat Med. 2023 Jul;29(7):1867-1876. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02418-0. Epub 2023 Jun 17
  13. Neuen, B. L., et al. "Acute treatment effects on GFR in randomized clinical trials of kidney disease progression." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 33.2 (2022): 291-303.
  14. Inker, Lesley A., et al. "Letter by Inker et al Regarding Article," Pitfalls in Using Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Slope as a Surrogate for the Effect of Drugs on the Risk of Serious Adverse Renal Outcomes in Clinical Trials of Patients With Heart Failure". Circulation. Heart failure (2022): CIRCHEARTFAILURE121008983.
  15. Inker, Lesley A., et al. "Association of treatment effects on early change in urine protein and treatment effects on GFR slope in IgA nephropathy: an individual participant meta-analysis." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 78.3 (2021): 340-349.
  16. Vonesh EF, “Technical report summarizing different methods for determining and characterizing the potential timing of acute effects based on select CKD clinical trials.” CKD-EPI Technical Report 2020
  17. Levey AS, et al. "Change in Albuminuria and GFR as End Points for Clinical Trials in Early Stages of CKD: A Scientific Workshop Sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation in Collaboration With the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency." American Journal of Kidney Diseases Jan;75(1) (2020): 84-104. PMID: 31473020
  18. Coresh, J, et al. "Change in albuminuria and subsequent risk of end-stage kidney disease: an individual participant-level consortium meta-analysis of observational studies." The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 7.2 (2019): 115-127. PMID: 30635225
  19. Heerspink, H JL, et al. "Change in albuminuria as a surrogate endpoint for progression of kidney disease: a meta-analysis of treatment effects in randomised clinical trials." The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology 7.2 (2019): 128-139. PMID: 30635226
  20. Thompson, A, et al. "Proteinuria reduction as a surrogate end point in trials of IgA nephropathy." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 14.3 (2019): 469-481. PMID: 30635299
  21. Greene, T, et al. "Performance of GFR slope as a surrogate end point for kidney disease progression in clinical trials: a statistical simulation." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 30.9 (2019): 1756-1769. PMID:31292198
  22. Grams, ME., et al. "Evaluating glomerular filtration rate slope as a surrogate end point for ESKD in clinical trials: an individual participant meta-analysis of observational data." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 30.9 (2019): 1746-1755. PMID: 31292199
  23. Vonesh, E, et al. "Mixed‐effects models for slope‐based endpoints in clinical trials of chronic kidney disease." Statistics in medicine 38.22 (2019): 4218-4239. PMID: 31338848
  24. Inker, LA, et al. "GFR slope as a surrogate end point for kidney disease progression in clinical trials: a meta-analysis of treatment effects of randomized controlled trials." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 30.9 (2019): 1735-1745. PMID:31292197
  25. Inker, LA., et al. "Early change in urine protein as a surrogate end point in studies of IgA nephropathy: an individual-patient meta-analysis." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 68.3 (2016): 392-401.
  26. Levey AS, Becker C, and Inker LA. "Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for detection and staging of acute and chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review." JAMA. 313.8 (2015): 837-846. PMID: 25710660.
  27. Levey, AS., et al. "GFR decline as an end point for clinical trials in CKD: a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the US Food and Drug Administration." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 64.6 (2014): 821-835. PMID 25441437.
  28. Inker, A., et al. "Early change in proteinuria as a surrogate end point for kidney disease progression: an individual patient meta-analysis." American journal of kidney diseases 64.1 (2014): 74-85. PMID: 27032886
  29. Greene, T, et al. "Utility and validity of estimated GFR–based surrogate time-to-event end points in CKD: a simulation study." American journal of kidney diseases 64.6 (2014): 867-879. PMID: 25441440.
  30. Heerspink, HJL., et al. "Estimated GFR decline as a surrogate end point for kidney failure: a post hoc analysis from the Reduction of End Points in Non–Insulin-Dependent Diabetes With the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study and Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT)." American journal of kidney diseases 63.2 (2014): 244-250. PMID: 24210590.
  31. Coresh, J, et al. "Decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate and subsequent risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality." JAMA 311.24 (2014): 2518-2531.
  32. Inker, LA., et al. "GFR decline as an alternative end point to kidney failure in clinical trials: a meta-analysis of treatment effects from 37 randomized trials." American journal of kidney diseases 64.6 (2014): 848-859. PMID: 25441438.
  33. Heerspink, HJL, et al. "GFR decline and subsequent risk of established kidney outcomes: a meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled trials." American journal of kidney diseases 64.6 (2014): 860-866. PMID: 25441439
  34. Stoycheff, N, et al. "Early change in proteinuria as a surrogate outcome in kidney disease progression: a systematic review of previous analyses and creation of a patient-level pooled dataset." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 26.3 (2011): 848-857. PMID: 20817671.
  35. Levey, AS., et al. "Proteinuria as a surrogate outcome in CKD: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the US Food and Drug Administration." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 54.2 (2009): 205-226. PMID: 19577347
  36. Stevens, LA., Greene, T, and Levey, AS. "Surrogate end points for clinical trials of kidney disease progression." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1.4 (2006): 874-884. PMID: 17699300.

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